Cryptic hammerhead shark lineage occurrence in the western South Atlantic revealed by DNA analysis |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">D?PinhalEmail author M?S?Shivji M?Vallinoto D?D?Chapman O?B?F?Gadig C?Martins |
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Institution: | 1.Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências,Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP,Botucatu,Brazil;2.Save Our Seas Shark Center and Guy Harvey Research Institute,Nova Southeastern University,Dania Beach,USA;3.IECOS,Universidade Federal do Pará, UFPA,Bragan?a,Brazil;4.CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investiga??o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto,Vair?o,Portugal;5.School of Marine and Atmospheric Science and Institute for Ocean Conservation Science,Stony Brook University,Stony Brook,USA;6.Laboratório de Pesquisa em Elasmobranquios, Campus Experimental do Litoral Paulista,Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP,S?o Vicente,Brazil;7.Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências,Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP,Botucatu,Brazil |
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Abstract: | A cryptic lineage of hammerhead shark closely related to but evolutionarily distinct from the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) was recently documented in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Here, we demonstrate using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences
that this cryptic lineage also occurs in the western South Atlantic Ocean, extending its distribution >7,000 km from its only
previously reported location. Our results also further validate the existence of this evolutionarily distinct hammerhead shark
lineage. The southern hemisphere cryptic individuals were 1.6 and 5.8% divergent from S. lewini (sensu stricto) for the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial control region loci, respectively, and formed a strongly
supported, reciprocally monophyletic sister group to sympatric S. lewini. Coalescent analysis (ITS2 locus) yielded a divergence estimate of ~4.5 million years between S. lewini and the cryptic lineage. Given expanding concerns about overfishing of the large-bodied hammerhead sharks, this cryptic lineage
needs to be formally recognized and incorporated into shark management and conservation planning to avoid the inadvertent,
potential extirpation of a unique hammerhead lineage. |
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