The presence of PCDDs and PCDFs in human breast milk from the Netherlands |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben Gurion Avenue, P.O.B. 653, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel;2. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization (A.R.O.) – The Volcani Center, 68 Hamaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel;1. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy;2. CREA Research Center for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Lodi 26900, Italy;3. Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi 26900, Italy;1. Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Agroscope, Tänikon 1, 8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland;2. Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland;3. Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;4. Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland;5. Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;6. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;1. School of Economics, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;2. China Academy for Rural Development, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;3. School of International Business, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou 310023, China;4. International Food Policy Research Institute, East and Central Asia Office, Beijing 100081, China |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
Sixteen individual and two pooled human milk samples were analyzed for PCDDs and PCDFs. All detected PCDD and PCDF congeners had a 2,3,7,8-chlorine substitution pattern.The PCDDs and PCDFs were associated with the lipid fraction of the milk. Major components were 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF (0.2 – 2.6 ppt), 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (0.2 – 5.7 ppt), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD (1.3 – 19.1) and OCDD (1.7 – 37.8 ppt), with concentrations on total milk basis.Minor components were 1,2,3,7,8-PnCDD, 1,2,3,7,8,9- and 1,2,3,4,7,8- HxCDD (⩽ 1 ppt). Qualitatively and quantitatively the milk samples from the Netherlands strongly resemble those from Sweden and West-Germany. A linear relationship was found between some congeners. This correlation was highest for congeners having an equal number of chlorine atoms or those with a difference of one chlorine atom.By using a one compartment open model for multiple doses, a maximum liver concentration of approximately 200 ppt 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF in the neonate was calculated after six months. |
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