Oxidative properties of ambient PM2.5 and elemental composition: Heterogeneous associations in 19 European cities |
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| Authors: | Tim S. Nawrot Nino Kuenzli Jordi Sunyer Tingming Shi Teresa Moreno Mar Viana Joachim Heinrich Bertil Forsberg Frank J. Kelly Muhammad Sughis Benoit Nemery Paul Borm |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan;3. Residue Control Division, Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, No.11, Guangming Rd., Wufeng, Taichung 41358, Taiwan;4. Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, ShaLu, Taichung 433, Taiwan;5. Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan;6. Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840, Chengcing Rd., Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan;7. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | We assessed the extent to which constituents of PM2.5 (transition metals, sodium, chloride) contribute to the ability to generate hydroxyl radicals ( OH) in vitro in PM2.5 sampled at 20 locations in 19 European centres participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. PM2.5 samples (n = 716) were collected on filters over one year and the oxidative activity of particle suspensions obtained from these filters was then assessed by measuring their ability to generate OH in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Associations between OH formation and the studied PM constituents were heterogeneous. The total explained variance ranged from 85% in Norwich to only 6% in Albacete. Among the 20 centres, 15 showed positive correlations between one or more of the measured transition metals (copper, iron, manganese, lead, vanadium and titanium) and OH formation. In 9 of 20 centres OH formation was negatively associated with chloride, and in 3 centres with sodium. Across 19 European cities, elements which explained the largest variations in OH formation were chloride, iron and sodium. |
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| Keywords: | Air pollution Elemental analysis Fine particle Hydroxy radical formation Oxidative stress Reactive oxidant species |
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