美国针对高氯酸盐环境风险的管控策略及对我国的启示

高氯酸盐是具有高水溶性、高度扩散性和持久性的有毒污染物质，通过食物、饮用水为主的暴露途径进入人体，干扰甲状腺对碘的吸收，对人体健康构成威胁，饮用水和废水污染防治是高氯酸盐风险管控的重点. 我国水环境中高氯酸盐检出频次和浓度较高，亟需开展管控. 美国是最早报道高氯酸盐水体污染并对此展开调查研究的国家之一，并形成了系统的管控思路，积累了成熟的管理经验，值得我国学习和借鉴. 本文从饮用水安全保障和废水污染物排放管控两个方面介绍了美国有毒污染物风险管控思路，重点阐述了高氯酸盐的针对性管控措施，并整理分析了我国高氯酸盐相关污染管控现状，发现目前尚未开展有针对性的管控，究其原因在于缺乏完整的有毒污染物环境风险管控体系，未能及时关注高氯酸盐等有毒污染物的健康风险，造成环境风险管控力度不足. 最后在借鉴美国管理经验的基础上，立足于我国环境管理需求，提出了相关工作的启示及建议:要健全有毒物质管控体制机制，强化有毒污染物全过程风险管控的技术支撑能力，以提高有毒污染物风险管理的系统性、精准性、科学性；要系统开展本土高氯酸盐溯源分析、管控政策措施研究，填补高氯酸盐典型污染物的管控空白. 

Strategy of Environmental Risk Control for Perchlorate in the United States and Enlightenment for China

Perchlorate is a toxic pollutant with high water solubility, high diffusion and persistence. It enters the human body mainly through food and drinking water, and poses a threat to human health due to interference with iodine absorption by thyroid. The prevention and control of drinking water and wastewater pollution is the key point for perchlorate risk control. Relatively high occurrence rate and high concentration of perchlorate were detected in water environment in China, thus it is urgent to control its risk. The United States is one of the first countries in the world to discover perchlorate pollution and conduct research on risk control. It has formed a systematic control strategy and accumulated rich management experience. This has important reference meaning for China. The risk control strategy of toxic pollutants in the United States is introduced from the aspects of drinking water security and wastewater pollutant emission control. A comprehensive and systematic analysis of perchlorate control measures of was carried out. In addition, the current situation of perchlorate related pollution control in China is summarized and analyzed. At present, targeted control has not been carried out. The fundamental reason is the lack of a complete environmental risk control system for toxic pollutants, which causing failure to pay attention to the health risks of toxic pollutants such as perchlorate in a timely manner. Thus, environmental risk control of perchlorate is insufficient. Finally, based on the management experiences of the United States and the environmental management requirements in China, the enlightenment and suggestions for environmental risk of perchlorate are put forward. It is necessary to improve the system and mechanism for the toxic substances management and control, and strengthen the technical support ability for the control of toxic pollutants in the whole process. These will improve the systematic, precise and scientific risk management of toxic pollutants. It is also necessary to systematically carry out local perchlorate traceability analysis and research on management and control policies and measures to fill the gap in the management and control of perchlorate pollutants.