中国海岸湿地环境特点与开发利用

海岸湿地是由低地、滩涂与生物群落组合的海岸环境。中国海岸湿地环境受季风波浪、潮汐与大河影响的河海交互作用为特征，地跨39个纬度带，其面积约占中国湿地总面积的1/5。按成因与表相可分为：河口芦苇、草滩湿地，平原海岸草滩盐沼湿地及在华南隐蔽港湾顶部红树林沼泽湿地3种类型。均具有潮上带、潮间带与潮下带分带特性。海岸湿地是珍贵的新生空间资源，但由于滥伐垦殖、外来生物种属入侵危害、陆源水沙减少及海平面上升招致海岸侵蚀、盐潮入侵与内涝频繁等灾害影响，海岸湿地环境质量下降，面临着解决海岸湿地生态保护与沿海人民生计这一新生矛盾问题。需沿流域进行陆海结合的系统研究与对比总结，找出湿地保护与开发的临界度，全面规划实施。

CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPLOITATION OF COASTAL WETLAND OF CHINA

Coastal wetland of China is consisted of lowland, tidal flat and associated biological community. Its total area covers 1/5 of China's wetlands and runs across 39 latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The nature of coastal wetland is characterized by monsoon wave action, tidal dynamics and large river influence. According to their genetic features,coastal wetlands can be divided into three types: reed and grass wetlands of estuary, grass and salt marsh of plain coast, and mangrove swamps located in the sheltered bay head of South China. All of the three types have the zonation features of being divided by superior tidal zone, inter tidal zone and sub tidal zone. Coastal wetlands are precious space resources, but owing to effects from forest denudation, foreign species invasion, coastal erosion, frequent flood disaster and red tides intrusion, the environmental quality of coastal wetland has deteriorated gradually. To deal with the contradiction between wetland's ecological protection and basic living requirement of local residents, a systematic study on environmental nature of regional wetlands is needed, by comparison and summarization of successful and unsuccessful practices, to find out the critical value for best protection of wetland's nature and suitable way of wetland utilization.