Nitrous oxide emissions from organic and conventional crop rotations in five European countries |
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| Institution: | 1. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark;2. Agrifood Research Finland (MTT), FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland;3. Federal Research Institute for Agriculture in Alpine Regions (BAL), A-8952 Irdning, Austria;4. Institute for Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning (ILEN), University for Agriculture, A-1190 Vienna, Austria;5. Research Centre for Animal Production (CRPA spa), I-42100 Reggio Emilia, Italy;6. Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research (IGER), North Wyke, Okehampton EX20 2SB, UK;2. Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands;3. Mococha Research Station, National Research Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, 97454 Mococha, Yucatan, Mexico;4. Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands;1. Laboratoire d’Ecologie et Environnement (Unité associée au CNRST, URAC 32, Unité associée au CNERS), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco;2. IRD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUP-AGRO/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France;3. Laboratoire de biologie et de biotechnologie des microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco;4. CIRAD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUP-AGRO/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France;1. Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability (CHESS), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (ESPRE), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;2. School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;3. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA;4. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;1. School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;2. School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Agronomy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;3. School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;1. Plant Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), P.O. Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, The Netherlands;3. Department of Earth Sciences–Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands;4. Plant Research International, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agriculture are currently estimated from N inputs using emission factors, and little is known about the importance of regional or management-related differences. This paper summarizes the results of a study in which N2O emission rates were recorded on 15–26 occasions during a 12-month period in organic and conventional dairy crop rotations in five European countries (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Italy, UK). A common methodology based on static chambers was used for N2O flux measurements, and N2O data were compiled together with information about N inputs (from fertilizers, N2 fixation, atmospheric deposition and excretal returns), crop rotations and soil properties. Organic rotations received only manure as N fertilizer, while manure accounted for 0–100% of fertilizer N in conventional rotations. A linear regression model was used to examine effects of location, system and crop category on N2O emissions, while a second model examined effects of soil properties. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher from conventional than from organic crop rotations except in Austria and, according to the statistical analysis, the differences between locations and crop categories were significant. Ammonium was significantly related to N2O emissions, although this effect was dominated by observations from a grazing system. Despite the limited number of samplings, annual emissions were estimated by interpolation. Across the two systems and five locations there was a significant relationship between total N inputs and N2O emissions at the crop rotation level which indicated that annually 1.6 ± 0.2% (mean ± standard error) of total N inputs were lost as N2O, while there was a background emission of 1.4 ± 0.3 kg N2O-N ha−1 year−1. Although this measurement program emphasized system effects at the expense of high temporal resolution, the results indicate that N input is a significant determinant for N2O emissions from agricultural soils. |
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