排水综合评价中的生物毒性测试技术

随着工业化和城市化的发展,工业废水和城市污水成为环境水体的主要污染源.发达国家在实施基于BAT(the best applicable technology,最佳可行技术)的排放政策后,针对成分复杂的有毒排放废水,以排水生物毒性测试为基础,分别建立了WET(whole effluent toxicity,排水综合毒性)评价技术体系,将生态毒理学测试和毒性指标应用于排放废水的管理.各国和区域组织选用的排放废水生物毒性测试方法存在较大差异:美国、加拿大和澳大利亚国土面积大、气候类型复杂、生物物种差异大,开发了许多本土生物的毒性测试方法;德国、OSPAR(欧洲大陆国家组织《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》15国)和COHIBA(波罗的海有害物质控制项目8国)则重视开发标准受试生物的测试方法,并且开发了遗传毒性和内分泌干扰性等新型测试方法,便于不同国家采用统一测试方法和排放限值;英国和新西兰是岛国,河流较短,更加关注海岸带生态系统.我国从20世纪80年代开始开展排水生物毒性测试技术研究,相关测试标准门类和数量不足,应充分借鉴发达国家的经验,分步、分区建立排水综合毒性测试标准体系.

Review on the Aquatic Organisms Toxicity Test in the Whole Effluent Assessment

Wing the industrialization and urbanization, the industrial and municipal waste water becomes the main pollution source to ambient water bodies. Developed countries have established the whole effluent toxicity assessment technology system for the the complex waste water with the implementation of the best applicable technology (BAT) policy. They applied ecological tests and evaluation indices in the waste water management. Test methods of effluent biological toxicity obviously vary among the countries and regional organizations. The USA, Canada and Australia developed a number of methods for testing native species consicering their vast territories, diverse climate types and biological diversity. The European regional organizations and the Germany government paid much attention to development their standard methods for the model species, as well as genotoxicity and endocrine disruption. It makes the testing results from different countries comparable within the same frame, and helps to uniform the discharge limits. New Zealand and the UK are island countries with short rivers. They paid much attention to the coastal ecosystem, so that more toxicity tests were developed for marine organisms. Since the research on the effluent toxicity in China was lately started from the 1980s, it is far away from the requirement of management application. The establishment of the effluent toxicity testing technology system in China should be accomplished step by step by learning the experience from developed countries.