Induction to oxidative stress by saxitoxin investigated through lipid peroxidation in Neuro 2A cells and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alga |
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Authors: | Melegari Silvia P Perreault François Moukha Serge Popovic Radovan Creppy Edmond E Matias William G |
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Institution: | a Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, LABTOX, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Campus Universitário Trindade, CEP 88040-970 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil b Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec in Montreal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3P8 c Laboratory de Toxicologie et d’Hygiène Appliquée, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France d INRA, Centre de Recherche de Bordeaux Aquitaine, MICA, Unité de Mycologie et de Sécurité des Aliments, Domaine de la grande Ferrade, 71 avenue Edouart Bourleaux BP 81, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France |
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Abstract: | Saxitoxin (STX) is a cyanotoxin, which can cause neurotoxic effects and induce ecological changes in aquatic environments, a potential risk to public and environmental health. Many studies of cytotoxicity on animal cells and algae have been performed, although few compare the toxic effects between the two models. In this sense, we investigated the oxidative stress induced by STX (0.4-3.0 nM) in two different cellular models: Neuro-2A (N2A) cells and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alga by quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as indicative of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Also was evaluated the antioxidant defense of these cells systems after exposure to STX by the addition of antioxidants in N2A cells culture, and by the measure of antioxidants enzymes activity in C. reinhardtii cells. The MDA levels of N2A cells increased from 15% to 113% for 0.4 and 3.0 nM of STX, respectively, as compared to control. Superoxide-dismutase and catalase did not appear to protect the cell from STX effect while, in cells treated with vitamin E, the rates of MDA production decreased significantly, except for higher concentrations of STX. No MDA productions were observed in algal cells however some effects on antioxidant enzymes activity were observed when algae were exposed to 3.0 nM STX. Our results indicate that the concentrations of STX that may induce oxidative stress through LPO are different in animal and phytoplankton communities. A combination of algal and animal bioassays should be conducted for reliable assessment of oxidative stress induced by STX. |
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Keywords: | STX saxitoxin N2A Neuro-2A MDA malondialdehyde SOD superoxide dismutase CAT catalase APX ascorbate peroxidase GR glutathione reductase GST glutathione S-transferase GPx glutathione peroxidase GSH glutathione reduced form RS reactive species ROS reactive oxygen species LPO lipid peroxidation TBA thiobarbituric acid HPLC high performance liquid chromatography |
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