Studies of potential sources that contributed to atmospheric mercury in Toronto,Canada |
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| Authors: | Irene Cheng Julia Lu Xinjie Song |
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| Institution: | 1. Microtron Centre, Department of Physics, Mangalore University, 574199, India;2. School of Physics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;3. Department of Physics, Savithribai Phule Pune University, 411007, India;1. School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada;3. Rotek Environmental Inc., 43 Keefer Court, Unit 104, Hamilton, ON, Canada;1. Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan, Iran;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia;1. Corporate Engineering Division, Appliances Company, Panasonic Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-nakamachi, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8501, Japan;2. Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan;3. Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;1. CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Division of Rende, UNICAL-Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende, Italy;2. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom;3. CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria km 29,300, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy |
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| Abstract: | This study identified sources of mercury (Hg) in downtown Toronto, Canada by analyzing gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), mercury associated with particles with sizes less than 2.5 microns (PHg < 2.5), and gaseous oxidized inorganic mercury (GOIM), commonly referred to as reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and air pollutants (CO, NOx, O3, PM2.5, SO2) concentrations between Dec 2003 and Nov 2004. The data were analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), ratio analysis, back trajectories, and correlation analyses. The analyses suggest industrial sources (chemical production, metal production, sewage treatment), rather than coal combustion, were the major contributors to measured Hg levels. Overlap in source profiles for the Hg sources listed in the Canadian National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) and lack of source profiles for urban sources were the major limitations to positively identifying sources from the PMF and PCA factors. Correlation analyses revealed direct emissions were the sources of GOIM in spring, summer, and fall, and the occurrence of GEM oxidation by ozone in the summer. Elevated Hg events are attributed to emissions from urban sources near the sampling site, regional point sources, and photochemical processes involving ozone. |
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