Present and potential future contributions of sulfate,black and organic carbon aerosols from China to global air quality,premature mortality and radiative forcing |
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| Authors: | Eri Saikawa Vaishali Naik Larry W Horowitz Junfeng Liu Denise L Mauzerall |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;2. School of Environment, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;3. Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 9472 0, USA;4. Earth Science and Climate Change Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, IHC complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi-3, India;5. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;6. Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA;7. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, VA, Italy;8. School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio,1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, CEP 03828-000 São Paulo, Brazil;9. GAGO Inc., San Jose, CA 95131, USA |
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| Abstract: | Aerosols are harmful to human health and have both direct and indirect effects on climate. China is a major contributor to global emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a sulfate (SO42?) precursor, organic carbon (OC), and black carbon (BC) aerosols. Although increasingly examined, the effect of present and potential future levels of these emissions on global premature mortality and climate change has not been well quantified. Through both direct radiative effects and indirect effects on clouds, SO42? and OC exert negative radiative forcing (cooling) while BC exerts positive forcing (warming). We analyze the effect of China's emissions of SO2, SO42?, OC and BC in 2000 and for three emission scenarios in 2030 on global surface aerosol concentrations, premature mortality, and radiative forcing (RF). Using global models of chemical transport (MOZART-2) and radiative transfer (GFDL RTM), and combining simulation results with gridded population data, mortality rates, and concentration–response relationships from the epidemiological literature, we estimate the contribution of Chinese aerosols to global annual premature mortality and to RF in 2000 and 2030. In 2000, we estimate these aerosols cause approximately 470 000 premature deaths in China and an additional 30 000 deaths globally. In 2030, aggressive emission controls lead to a 50% reduction in premature deaths from the 2000 level to 240 000 in China and 10 000 elsewhere, while under a high emissions scenario premature deaths increase 50% from the 2000 level to 720 000 in China and to 40 000 elsewhere. Because the negative RF from SO42? and OC is larger than the positive forcing from BC, Chinese aerosols lead to global net direct RF of ?74 mW m?2 in 2000 and between ?15 and ?97 mW m?2 in 2030 depending on the emissions scenario. Our analysis indicates that increased effort to reduce greenhouse gases is essential to address climate change as China's anticipated reduction of aerosols will result in the loss of net negative radiative forcing. |
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