Measurement of black carbon aerosols near two Chinese megacities and the implications for improving emission inventories |
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| Authors: | Xuehua Zhou Jian Gao Tao Wang Waishing Wu Wenxing Wang |
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| Institution: | 1. Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, 250100, Ji''nan, Shandong Province, China;2. Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA;1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK;2. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China;3. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK;4. Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People''s Republic of China;1. Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA;4. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Composition and Optical Radiation, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China;3. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;4. High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China;5. Science Systems and Applications Inc., Hampton, VA 23666, USA |
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| Abstract: | Knowledge of the distribution and sources of black carbon (BC) is essential to understanding its impact on radiative forcing and the establishment of a control strategy. In this study, we analyze atmospheric BC and its relationships with fine particles (PM2.5) and trace gases (CO, NOy and SO2) measured in the summer of 2005 in two areas frequently influenced by plumes from Beijing and Shanghai, the two largest cities in China. The results revealed different BC source characteristics for the two megacities. The average concentration of BC was 2.37 (±1.79) and 5.47 (±4.00) μg m?3, accounting for 3.1% and 7.8% of the PM2.5 mass, in Beijing and Shanghai, respectively. The good correlation between BC, CO and NOy (R2 = 0.54–0.77) and the poor correlation between BC and SO2 suggest that diesel vehicles and marine vessels are the dominant sources of BC in the two urban areas during summer. The BC/CO mass ratio in the air mass from Shanghai was found to be much higher than that in the air mass from Beijing (0.0101 versus 0.0037 ΔgBC/ΔgCO), which is attributable to a larger contribution from diesel burning (diesel-powered vehicles and marine vessels) in Shanghai. Based on the measured ratios of BC/CO and annual emissions of CO, we estimate that the annual emissions of BC in Beijing and Shanghai are 9.51 Gg and 18.72 Gg, respectively. The improved emission rates of BC will help reduce the uncertainty in the assessment of the impact of megacities on regional climate. |
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