A study of the total atmospheric sulfur dioxide load using ground-based measurements and the satellite derived Sulfur Dioxide Index |
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| Authors: | AK Georgoulias D Balis ME Koukouli C Meleti A Bais C Zerefos |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;2. Laboratory of Climatology, University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;1. Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;2. Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Norway;3. Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-environmental and Biological Sciences, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;1. Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;2. Division of Biostatistics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;1. Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box 149, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece;2. RAL Space, UK Research and Innovation, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom;3. Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB, United Kingdom;4. Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Dorfstrasse 33, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland;5. Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Greece;6. Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland;1. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi''an Jiao Tong University, Xi''an, 710049, China;2. Institute of Energy and Resources Comprehensive Utilization Research, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China;1. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA;2. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;3. Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Ave., Potsdam, NY 13699, USA;4. Cal Poly Pomona, 3801 W. Temple Ave., Pomona, CA 91768, USA;5. University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;6. Honeybee Robotics, 398 West Washington Blvd., Suite 200, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA |
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| Abstract: | We present characteristics of the sulfur dioxide (SO2) loading over Thessaloniki, Greece, and seven other selected sites around the world using SO2 total column measurements from Brewer spectrophotometers together with satellite estimates of the Version 8 TOMS Sulfur Dioxide Index (SOI) over the same locations, retrieved from Nimbus 7 TOMS (1979–1993), Earth Probe TOMS (1996–2003) and OMI/Aura (2004–2006). Traditionally, the SOI has been used to quantify the SO2 quantities emitted during great volcanic eruptions. Here, we investigate whether the SOI can give an indication of the total SO2 load for areas and periods away from eruptive volcanic activity by studying its relative changes as a correlative measure to the SO2 total column. We examined time series from Thessaloniki and another seven urban and non-urban stations, five in the European Union (Arosa, De Bilt, Hohenpeissenberg, Madrid, Rome) and two in India (Kodaikanal, New Delhi). Based on the Brewer data, Thessaloniki shows high SO2 total columns for a European Union city but values are still low if compared to highly affected regions like those in India. For the time period 1983–2006 the SO2 levels above Thessaloniki have generally decreased with a rate of 0.028 Dobson Units (DU) per annum, presumably due to the European Union's strict sulfur control policies. The seasonal variability of the SO2 total column exhibits a double peak structure with two maxima, one during winter and the second during summer. The winter peak can be attributed to central heating while the summer peak is due to synoptic transport from sources west of the city and sources in the north of Greece. A moderate correlation was found between the seasonal levels of Brewer total SO2 and SOI for Thessaloniki, Greece (R = 0.710–0.763) and Madrid, Spain (R = 0.691) which shows that under specific conditions the SOI might act as an indicator of the SO2 total load. |
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