绿证交易、发售电配额制与可再生能源财税减负效应

为促进清洁能源消纳利用和减轻标杆电价政策财税负担,绿色电力证书(绿证)核发和认购制度已在全国试行。为验证两类政策并存下绿证交易的财税减负作用,该文构建绿证定价和财税减负效应模型,分类探讨不同交易机制和配额安排:绿证自由市场、发售电配额强制市场交易如何影响售证方定价策略和配额主体履约抉择,论证绿证市场均衡和政策互动如何影响可再生能源补助支出、电价附加和绿证交易的税负转嫁效应。模型论证与分类市场情景表明:①绿证交易提供了低成本履约的制度安排,有助于财税减负;②电力市场管制和交叉补贴电价政策下,发电商配额导致火电企业最优履约抉择是自建绿电项目而非绿证交易,绿证市场有价无市;③售电配额的市场交易效率更高,但发电商实施领导跟随-产量最优策略将造成电力和绿证价格双攀升,变相增加电价负担;④并网消纳和补贴拖欠削弱绿证价格而降低补贴转嫁,售电配额调整通过跨区绿电需求变化影响税负转嫁。这些结论蕴含的政策意义是:①兼顾绿电支付意愿、成本分担与应用目标,健全绿证认购市场体系;②理顺绿证定价与惩罚机制,确保绿证市场竞争均衡与履约效率;③完善省级配额机制,引导具备成本优势的跨区绿证交易;④协调政策互动效应,增强绿电溢价和绿证减负效应。

Green certificate trading,renewable portfolio standard and tax burden reduction

The national-wide issuance and trading of green certificates have been initiated to improve the renewable energy integration and reduce the tax burden in the Fi T scheme.To evaluate the green certificate trading scheme,we develop certificate pricing and tax burden models to analyze the market equilibria with and without the renewable portfolio standard requirements and to compare the tax burden effect with that under the Fi T policy.Our results indicate that,with renewable quota requirements for power sellers,the renewable energy tariff surcharge is significantly reduced in certificate trading.The best reaction for power generators is to carry out a Stackelberg Leadership Strategy to improve profits.However,this tends to increase electricity prices in both the wholesale and retailing markets,and in turn,raise the cost burden on end-users.The power curtailment and delay in subsidy release will lead to a lower equilibrium price and the renewable quota adjustment for power sellers will cause a rebalance of green electricity trading volume.Both of them will affect the reduction of the tax burden in the Fi T scheme.Based on the results,we conclude that the scheme for green certificate trading should be enhanced in order to take fully into account the potential of market development,green electricity cost sharing and end-user’s willing-to-pay to improve performances of green certificate trading.