Who should do what in environmental management? Twelve principles for allocating responsibilities |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 Johannesburg, South Africa;2. Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, Kwadlangezwa 3886, South Africa;1. Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland;2. UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;3. Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. CNR, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria Km 29,300, I-00015 Monterotondo St., Rome, Italy;2. CNR, Institute for Complex Systems, Via Salaria Km 29,300, I-00015 Monterotondo St., Rome, Italy;1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China;2. School of Electronic Information Engineering, Rizhao Polytechnic, Shandong, 276826, China;3. Lunghwa University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan;4. School of Business, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China;5. National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan;6. University of Coventry, United Kingdom;1. Orange Labs, Applied Crypto Group, Caen, France;2. University of Limoges, Limoges, France;3. Département d''informatique de l''ENS, École normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;4. Hong Duc University, Thanh Hoa, Viet Nam;5. INRIA, France;1. University of Brescia, Italy;2. Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece;3. Umweltbundesamt, Germany;4. Politecnico di Milano, Italy;5. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN, Poland;6. European Commission, JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Air and Climate Unit, Italy;7. University of Strasburg, France;8. Institut National de l’EnviRonnement Industriel et des RisqueS, INERIS, France |
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| Abstract: | In environmental management there is often discussion on the allocation of responsibilities. Such discussions can continue for a long time and can form an obstacle for effective action. In this article twelve normative principles for the allocation of responsibilities are identified, coming from three different sources: the arguments used in discussions on responsibilities, Dutch and European law, and the environmental management literature. The principles are (1) capacity, (2) lowest social costs, (3) causation, (4) interest, (5) scale, (6) subsidiarity, (7) structural integration, (8) separation, (9) solidarity, (10) transparency, (11) stability (but not standstill), and (12) acquired rights. These principles point to fundamental tensions in environmental management and sometimes conflict with each other. At the same time they may help to resolve conflicts by providing common points of reference that are independent from the often conflicting interests of the discussants. |
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| Keywords: | Institutions Decentralization Polycentric governance Integration The Netherlands Water |
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