Rate of pesticide volatilization from soil: an experimental approach with a wind tunnel system applied to trifluralin |
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Authors: | Carole Bedos Marie-France Rousseau-Djabri Dominique Flura Sylvie Masson Enrique Barriuso Pierre Cellier |
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Affiliation: | 1. Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan;2. Fukushima Agricultural Technology Centre, 116 Shimonakamichi, Takakura, Hiwada-machi, Koriyama 963-0531, Japan |
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Abstract: | Pesticide volatilization to the atmosphere may be a major pathway of dissipation closely linked with environmental, physico-chemical and technical factors. Understanding the volatilization process requires systems that make it possible to control some of these factors. Wind tunnels meet to these criteria. The volatilization flux is determined from a mass balance, using the difference in atmospheric pesticide concentration between the entrance and the exit of the tunnel and the airflow rate. An experiment was carried out in June 2000 to study the repeatability of this technique. Volatilization of trifluralin was measured in three wind tunnels for 8 days with a sampling period varying between 3 h and 2 days. Pesticide concentration was determined by trapping by XAD-2 resin in a two-stage cartridge, solvent extraction and analysis by gas chromatography. Cumulated losses through volatilization reached 30% of the measured application dose after 8 days, with a variability of less than 20% between the three tunnels. Approximately 20% remained in the topsoil (0–2 cm), with a variability of 14% between the three tunnels. The decrease in the volatilization flux over time is coherent with the expected theoretical evolution for a volatile pesticide such as trifluralin and with previous experimental works. |
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Keywords: | Emission Soil/Atmosphere Pesticide Measurement Wind tunnel |
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