Concentrations of inorganic elements in bottled waters on the Swedish market |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">I?RosborgEmail author B?Nihlg?rd L?Gerhardsson M-L?Gernersson R?Ohlin T?Olsson |
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Institution: | (1) Inst. of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden;(2) Department of Plant Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden;(3) Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-412 66 Gothenburg, Sweden |
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Abstract: | This study presents the concentrations of about 50 metals and ions in 33 different brands of bottled waters on the Swedish market. Ten of the brands showed calcium (Ca) concentrations ≤10 mg L−1 and magnesium (Mg) levels <3 mg L−1, implying very soft waters. Three of these waters had in addition low concentrations of sodium (Na; <7 mg L−1), potassium (K; <3 mg L−1) and bicarbonate (HCO3 ≤31 mg L−1). These brands were collected from barren districts. Nine of the brands were collected from limestone regions. They showed increased Ca-levels exceeding 50 mg L−1 with a maximum of 289 mg L−1. Corresponding Mg-levels were also raised in two brands exceeding 90 mg L−1. Two soft and carbonated waters were supplemented with Na2CO3 and NaCl, resulting in high concentrations of Na (644 and 648 mg L−1) and chloride (Cl; 204 and 219 mg L−1). Such waters may make a substantial contribution to the daily intake of NaCl in high water consumers. The storage of carbonated drinking water in aluminum (Al) cans increased the Al-concentration to about 70 μg L−1. Conclusion As there was a large variation in the material as regards concentrations of macro-elements such as Ca, Mg, Na, K and Cl. Supplementation with salts, e.g., Na2CO3, K2 CO3 and NaCl, can lead to increased concentrations of Na, K and Cl, as well as decreased ratios of Ca/Na and larger ratios of Na/K. Water with high concentrations of e.g., Ca and Mg, may make a substantial contribution to the daily intake of these elements in high water consumers. Al cans are less suited for storage of carbonated waters, as the lowered pH-values may dissolve Al. The levels of potentially toxic metals in the studied brands were generally low. |
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Keywords: | bicarbonate calcium magnesium micronutrients minerals |
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