Analysis and assessment of the Qingdao crude oil vapor explosion accident: Lessons learnt |
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| Institution: | 1. Explosion and Science State Key Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;2. Fire Protection Engineering Department of Chinese People''s Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China;1. Centre for Studies on Technological Risk (CERTEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;2. Murcia Fire Service, Spain;1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;2. State Key Lab of Gas Geology and Control-Cultivation Base, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;2. State Key Lab of Gas Geology and Control-Cultivation Base, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan 454003, China;3. Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an, Shanxi 710024, China;4. Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an, Shanxi 710054, China;1. College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China;2. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China;1. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China;2. Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China. Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China;1. Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China;2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China;3. Key Laboratory of Marine Spill Oil Identification and Damage Assessment Technology, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China;4. Environmental Monitoring Center, North China Sea Branch of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, 266061, China |
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| Abstract: | A devastating crude oil vapor explosion accident, which killed 62 people and injured 136, occurred on November 22, 2013. It was one of the most disastrous vapor cloud explosion accidents that happened in Qingdao's storm drains in China. It was noted that blast overpressure and flying debris were the main causes of human deaths, personal injuries and structure damages. Two months after the accident, it was reported that there were three contentious issues in the investigation report. First issue was the discrepancy between the temperature of the crude oil vapor explosive limits which were measured by the investigation panel and the temperature reported by the local fire department. Second issue was the contradiction between the upper explosive limit and vapor pressure of the crude oil vapor. The last issue was the location of the ignition source which led to the explosion.In the present study some specific features of this accident and various causes led to the explosion, high casualties and severe damages were analyzed. Three contentious issues in the official investigation report were investigated and tested in detail. The first element tested was the explosive limits and limiting oxygen concentration of the crude oil vapor at different temperatures. Based on theoretical analysis and field investigations, the last two elements in the report were analyzed from multiple perspectives. Based on the TNO Multi-Energy model and PROBIT equations, damage probability of affected people at the leaking site was also estimated. The investigation concluded with a result that precautions need to be taken to prevent flammable gas explosions in the drainage systems. Key steps were explicitly discussed for improving the hazard identification and risk assessment of similar accidents in the future. |
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| Keywords: | Crude oil vapor Urban storm drain Confined vapor cloud explosion Deflagration Detonation |
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