The anti-predator behaviour of wild white-handed gibbons (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hylobates lar</Emphasis>) |
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Authors: | Esther Clarke Ulrich H Reichard Klaus Zuberbühler |
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Institution: | (1) School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK;(2) Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA |
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Abstract: | Predation on gibbons is rarely observed in the wild. However, the gibbons' moderate body size and relatively small social
groups suggest high vulnerability to predation. To assess the role of predation and to study their anti-predator behaviour,
we presented visual predator models to nine groups of wild white-handed gibbons at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. We measured
subjects' immediate and delayed responses to four potential predators: tiger, clouded leopard, crested serpent eagle and reticulated
python. Subjects reliably approached all four predators. In response to tigers and leopards, they additionally produced predator-specific
songs and defecated copiously. In terms of delayed responses, distance between mated adults decreased, but only after exposure
to the tiger model. In response to eagles and pythons, gibbons consistently vocalised, but this did not always include predator
singing, and we found no long-term effects in overall activity or strata use. However, during 6 of 26 predator encounters,
the gibbons produced songs with a structure that was intermediate between a duet song and a predator song more than 20 min
after the predator encounter, indicating a long-term effect on their vocal behaviour. This study demonstrates that gibbons
discriminate between different potential predators and respond to them with adaptive anti-predator behaviour, which include
predator-specific vocal responses. We conclude that gibbons are not immune to predation and that terrestrial predators elicit
consistent immediate and delayed anti-predation responses. |
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