Territorial behavior of the black and yellow rockfish and gopher rockfish (Scorpaenidae,Sebastes)

Tagged black-and-yellow rockfish Sebastes chrysomelas and gopher rockfish S. carnatus were observed in situ for 1 yr at 3 study sites off California, USA in order to determine the nature of their home ranges and territories. Three basic patterns of space use were identified: (1) a shelter hole located within a larger area of activity (in which the fish presumably fed, since its size increased with size of fish and decreased with prey density); (2) discontinuous home ranges, in which the shelter holes and feeding areas were separte; and (3) dispersed home ranges with little or no exclusive area. Fish in the first category were regarded as territorial, since their home ranges were defended and relatively exclusive. Because individuals did not patrol borders, however, territories often overlapped at their peripheries. In addition, some territory holders appeared to tolerate the sheltering of other fish within their territories, as long as these intruders left the territory during periods of activity. Some fish with discontinuous home ranges (commuters) may have been territorial, but others may have been forced to occupy suboptimal feeding areas. Fish in the third category (floaters) were regarded as nonterritorial; their activities were apparently limited to areas where they could escape the aggression of territory holders. The varying patterns appeared to develop through defense and accommodation during the turnover of individuals, with each fish securing shelter and feeding areas as these became available.