The impact of terrorism and FDI on environmental pollution: Evidence from Afghanistan,Iraq, Nigeria,Pakistan, Philippines,Syria, Somalia,Thailand and Yemen |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Finance and Economics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People’s Republic of China;2. Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan;1. Faculty of Economics, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia;2. Garaad Institute for Social Research and Development Studies, Mogadishu, Somalia;3. Faculty of Economics and Management, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Somalia;4. Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Applied and Natural Science, University of Hargeisa, Hargeisa, Somaliland, Somalia;5. Nord University Business School (HHN), Post Box 1490, 8049, Bodø, Norway;1. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan;2. The University of Lahore, Islamabad Campus, Pakistan;3. University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan;1. Social Security Research Centre (SSRC), Faculty of Economics and Administration (FEA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;2. Asian Development Bank (ADB), 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, 1550, Philippines;3. Department of Economics, Kohat University of Science & Technology (KUST), Kohat, KPK, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | In this study, the relationships among environmental pollution, terrorism, foreign direct investments (FDI), energy consumption and economic growth is investigated for Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Somalia, Thailand and Yemen covering the 1975–2017 period utilizing Panel cointegration tests, ANOVA tests, long-run estimators and panel trivariate Causality tests. ANOVA results are in favor of evidence of homogeneity between the selected countries. Long-run estimators reveal that terrorism, FDI, energy consumption and economic growth have statistically significant effects on environmental pollution. Panel trivariate Causality test determines the causal relationship between the variables. Accordingly, one-way causal nexus from terrorism to Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and from FDI inflows to CO2 emissions are found in the short-run. In the long-run, with strong causality results, the evidence of bi-directional causality between CO2 emissions and other variables, namely, terrorism, FDI inflow energy consumption and economic growth are detected. |
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