How to mitigate impacts of wind farms on bats? A review of potential conservation measures in the European context |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Portugal;2. Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal;3. Bioinsight - Ambiente e Biodiversidade, Lda. Lisboa, Portugal;4. MARE and CEF, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal;5. Bio3 - Estudos e Projectos em Biologia e Recursos Naturais, Lda. Almada, Portugal;6. Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics / IEETA, University of Aveiro, Portugal;7. PPGBAN, Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;8. PPGEC, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil;1. Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece;2. Hellenic Republic, Decentralized Administration of Macedonia–Thrace, Forestry Service of Soufli, Ermou 6, 68400 Soufli, Greece;3. Natural Research Ltd, Brathens Business Park, Hill of Brathens Glassel, Banchory, Aberdeenshire AB31 4BY, UK;4. Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation & Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;5. Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;6. Technological Education Institute of Ionian Islands, Department of Ecology and Environment, 2 Calvou sq, 29100 Zakynthos, Greece;1. Biogea Consultores, Calle Navarro Ledesma 243, Portal 4, 3° C, 29010, Málaga, Spain;2. Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain;3. Ofitecma, Calle Colombia 5, 29400 Ronda, Málaga, Spain;4. Departamento de Botànica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;5. Division of Biology and Conservation Ecology, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK |
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| Abstract: | Wind energy is growing worldwide as a source of power generation. Bat assemblages may be negatively affected by wind farms due to the fatality of a significant number of individuals after colliding with the moving turbines or experiencing barotrauma. The implementation of wind farms should follow standard procedures to prevent such negative impacts: avoid, reduce and offset, in what is known as the mitigation hierarchy. According to this approach avoiding impacts is the priority, followed by the minimisation of the identified impacts, and finally, when residual negative impacts still remain, those must be offset or at least compensated. This paper presents a review on conservation measures for bats and presents some guidelines within the compensation scenario, focusing on negative impacts that remain after avoidance and minimisation measures. The conservation strategies presented aim at the improvement of the ecological conditions for the bat assemblage as a whole. While developed under the European context, the proposed measures are potentially applicable elsewhere, taking into consideration the specificity of each region in terms of bat assemblages present, landscape features and policy context regarding nature and biodiversity conservation and management. An analysis of potential opportunities and constraints arising from the implementation of offset/compensation programmes and gaps in the current knowledge is also considered. |
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