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Risk assessment of trihalomethanes from tap water in Fortaleza, Brazil |
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| Authors: | Rommel B Viana Rivelino M Cavalcante Fuad M G Braga Anderson B Viana José C de Araujo Ronaldo F Nascimento André S Pimentel |
| Institution: | 1. Departamento de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de S?o Carlos, Universidade de S?o Paulo, Av. Trabalhador S?o Carlense, 400 Cx. Postal 780, 13560-970, S?o Carlos, SP, Brazil 2. Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Bloco 940, Campus do Pici, 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil 3. Departamento de Engenharia Hidráulica e Saneamento, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco 713, Campus do Pici, 60451-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil 4. Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, rua Sapucai 383, Floresta, 30150-904, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 5. Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de S?o Vicente 225, Gávea, 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil |
| Abstract: | The cancer risks (CR) by oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure of trihalomethanes (THM) from tap water of ten districts in Fortaleza, Brazil were estimated. The mean levels of THM compounds were obtained in Fortaleza tap water as follow: 63.9 microg L(-1) for chloroform (CHCl(3)), 40.0 microg L(-1) for bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl(2)), and 15.6 microg L(-1) for dibromochloromethane (CHBr(2)Cl). Bromoform (CHBr(3)) was not detected. The mean CR for THMs in tap water is 3.96 x 10(-4). The results indicate that Fortaleza residents have a higher CR by inhalation than dermal absorption and oral ingestion. The CR for CHCl(3) contributes with 68% as compared with the total CR, followed by CHBrCl(2) (21%), and CHBr(2)Cl (11%). The hazard index (HI) is about ten times lower than unity, not indicating non-cancer effects. |
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