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Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca
Authors:Luis Fernando Cáceres Choque  Oswaldo E Ramos Ramos  Sulema N Valdez Castro  Rigoberto R Choque Aspiazu  Rocío G Choque Mamani  Samuel G Fernández Alcazar  Ondra Sracek  Prosun Bhattacharya
Institution:1. Especialidades Químicas I + D + I, División Medioambiente, Av. Chacaltaya 648, 10421, La Paz, Bolivia
2. KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Division of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 76, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
3. Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares (CIN), Viacha, Instituto Boliviano de Ciencia y Tecnología Nuclear, IBTEN, La Paz, Bolivia
4. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Abstract:Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.
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