Estimation of Polish cigarettes contamination with cadmium and lead, and exposure to these metals via smoking |
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Authors: | Malgorzata Galażyn-Sidorczuk Malgorzata M Brzóska Janina Moniuszko-Jakoniuk |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland |
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Abstract: | To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood
or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting
an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands
(produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and
post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already
reported by us to be 2–4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galażyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,
13 (Suppl.1):91–95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers
(52.12 ± 15.51 μg l−1) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42 ± 11.19 μg l−1). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801 ± 0.1765 and 0.6853 ± 0.0746 μg per cigarette, respectively.
Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in
the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal
content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the
highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence
that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination,
creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd. |
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Keywords: | Blood Cadmium Cigarettes Lead Tobacco Tobacco smoke |
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