Transition to Lead-Free Products in the US Electronics Industry: A Model of Environmental,Technical, and Economic Preferences |
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Authors: | Xiaoying Zhou Hilary Nixon Oladele A Ogunseitan Andrew A Shapiro Julie M Schoenung |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA;(2) Department of Urban and Regional Planning, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA;(3) Program in Public Health and School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;(4) Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA |
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Abstract: | The European Union’s Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances (Directive 2002/95/EC) targeted at electronic
products took effect in 2006. In contrast, the USA has no comparable national policy on these products. To understand corporate
responses to policy differences across jurisdictions, we conducted a structured-questionnaire survey of individuals in 109
companies that are representative of the US electronics industry. The results reveal that 70% of these companies have already
adopted lead-free solder for electronics with 49% of the total preferring the SnAgCu formulation, despite uncertainties associated
with environmental impacts of this alternative alloy. We use a modified life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint
modeling approach to derive weighting factors that represent the respondents’ value system for tradeoffs among environmental
impacts. We use a modified fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution approach to evaluate technical
criteria dominance in declared preferences. A statistical model of corporate behavior is also presented. The results provide
the first systematic framework that accounts for environmental impact, technological challenge, and business strategy concurrently
toward formulating a comprehensive national policy for materials selection in electronic products. |
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