杭州市大气污染物排放清单及特征

以杭州市区为研究区域,通过调查整合多套污染源数据库及其他统计资料,研究文献报道及模型计算的各种污染源排放因子,获得杭州市区各行业PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3等污染物的排放量,建立了杭州市区2010年1 km×1 km大气污染物排放清单。结果表明,2010年杭州市区PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs和NH3的排放总量分别为7.96×104、4.02×104、7.23×104、8.98×104、73.90×104、39.56×104、3.32×104t。从排放源的行业分布来看,机动车尾气排放是杭州市区大气污染物最重要排放源之一,对PM10、PM2.5、NOx、CO和VOCs的贡献分别达到14.4%、27.1%、40.3%、21.4%、31.1%。道路扬尘、电厂锅炉、工业炉窑、植被、畜禽养殖对不同污染物分别有着重要贡献,道路扬尘对PM10和PM2.5的贡献分别为44.6%和20.0%、电厂锅炉对SO2和NOx的贡献分别为37.0%和25.7%、工业炉窑对CO的贡献为41.5%、植被排放对VOCs的贡献为27.1%、畜禽养殖对NH3的贡献为76.5%。从空间分布来看,萧山区和余杭区对SO2、NH3和植被排放BVOC的贡献要显著高于主城区;而主城区机动车对PM2.5、NOx和VOCs的贡献分别达到36.3%、56.0%和47.4%,较市区范围内显著增加,表明机动车尾气排放已成为杭州主城区大气污染最重要的来源之一。

Emission Inventory and Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Hangzhou

The amounts of major air pollutants emitted in Hangzhou in 2010 were calculated by investigating several datasets of pollution sources and analyzing air pollutant emission factors in the literature and model calculation. An 1 km×1 km gridded emission inventory of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO_x, CO, VOCs and NH₃ was developed for Hangzhou. The results show that total emissions of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂, NO_x, CO, VOCs and NH₃ in the year of 2010 were: 7.96×10⁴, 4.02×10⁴, 7.23×10⁴, 8.98×10⁴, 73.90×10⁴, 39.56×10⁴ and 3.32×10⁴ t, respectively. For source attribution, vehicle exhaust emission was one of the most important emission sources in Hangzhou, which accounted for 14.4% of PM₁₀, 27.1% of PM_2.5, 40.3% of NO_x, 21.4% of CO, and 31.1% of VOC, respectively. Road dust, power plant boilers, industrial furnaces, vegetation, livestock and poultry breeding were also important pollution sources of different pollutants. Specifically, Road dust contributed 44.6% and 20.0% of the total PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, respectively. Power plant boilers contributed 37.0% and 25.7% of the total SO₂ and NO_x, respectively. Industrial furnace contributed 41.5% of the total CO. Vegetation contributed 27.1% of the total VOCs. Livestock and poultry breeding contributed 76.5% of the total NH₃. For spatial distribution, the Xiaoshan and Yuhang districts contributed more to SO₂, NH₃ and BVOC(Biogenic VOC) than the urban area, while in urban area, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emission to PM_2.5, NO_x and VOCs increased significantly compared to that in total city area with ratio of 36.3%, 56.0% and 47.4%, indicating that the vehicle emissions was the most important source of air pollution in urban Hangzhou.