地表水监测误差分析与对策

分析和探讨了地表水环境监测过程中存在的误差。在13家监测站同步采样、同步分析的基础上，筛选出地表水监测实验室间比对结果偏差较大的石油类、挥发酚、氨氮、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数和总磷等7个监测指标。从方法误差、仪器误差、试剂误差、操作误差、环境误差、过失误差和质控选择不当造成的误差等各方面探讨误差成因。根据实样测定结果，提出合理选择并统一分析方法、增加平行测定次数、加强质控措施和修改允许相对偏差等切实可行的对策和措施，为地表水监测和水环境管理提供技术依据。

Analysis and Countermeasure of Monitoring Error in Surface Water

In this paper,the error existing in environmental monitoring process of surface water was analyzed and discussed. Based on synchronous sampling and analysis from 13 monitoring stations,7 monitoring indexes,including petroleum,volatile phenol,ammonia nitrogen,five-day biochemical oxygen demand,permanganate index and total phosphorus,were considered with obvious deviation in the interlaboratory comparison and screened out. The cause of error was discussed according to method error,instrumental error,reagent error,operational error,environmental error,gross error and error caused by improper selection of quality control sample. Based on the determination result of actual samples,cogent and feasible countermeasures,such as reasonable choice and unification of analytical methods,more parallel measurements,strengthened quality control and modification of allowed relative deviation,were proposed to supply technical base for surface water monitoring and water environment management.