北京市主要水污染物排放特征及水质改善对策

污染排放信息是环境决策的重要依据。分析了北京市水环境质量的现状,基于最新源排放清单,解析北京市当前主控污染物COD、氨氮排放的结构特征和空间特征,以期为北京市开展基于流域综合治理的水污染控制和水环境管理提供依据。按照工业源、农业源、生活源和集中处理设施的环境统计口径,2013年,COD、氨氮的排放构成分别为2.7%、37.1%、35.0%、25.3%和1.5%、20.1%、54.8%、23.6%。其中,农业源中畜禽养殖排放是主要来源,COD、氨氮总排放分别占农业源总排放量的94.7%和87.0%。在北京市五大水系中,北运河流域排放量最大,COD、氨氮排放量分别占全市总排放量的53.3%和57.4%。为改善北京市水环境质量,建议从加快污水处理厂提标改造、推动面源污染治理、加强水利联通、合理规划城市规模布局等4个方面入手。

Study on the Emission Characteristics of Main Water Pollutants in Beijing and Measures for Water Quality Improvement

Pollutant emission information is an important basis for environmental decision-making. We analyzed the current situation of Beijing water quality, and the structural and spatial features of the main controlling pollutants in Beijing, including COD and NH₃-N, based on the latest emission lists of pollutant source. The emission components of COD and NH₃-N are 2.7%, 37.1%, 35.0%, 25.3% and 1.5%, 20.1%, 54.8%, 23.6%, respectively according to the environmental statistics caliber of industrial enterprises, agricultural sources, domestic sources and centralized treatment facilities. Among the agricultural sources, livestock-raising is the main pollutant source, and the total emissions of COD and NH₃-N account for 94.7% and 87.0%, respectively of the total emissions of agricultural sources. The North Canal River has the largest emission proportion among the five major river systems in Beijing, and the emissions of COD and NH₃-N account for 53.3% and 57.4% of the city''s total emissions, respectively. The water quality improvement strategies and suggestions are proposed from four respects, they are speeding up the standard-improving transformation of the sewage treatment plants, promoting the control of non-point source pollutant, strengthening the connection of the water conservancy and planning the city''s scale and layout rationally.