山西省大气污染特征及对公众健康的空间影响

利用山西省11个地级市大气环境监测站的PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃浓度数据,分析了2015—2020年山西省PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃浓度时空变化特征,采用空间计量模型和岭回归方法,分析了空气污染对公众健康的空间影响。结果表明:PM_2.5和PM₁₀年均质量浓度总体下降,两者在2017年最高,2020年最低;O₃年均浓度总体增加。在季节尺度上,PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度在冬季的12月和1月最高,夏季的8月最低;O₃浓度在6月最高。空间上,相较2015年,2020年山西省各地级市PM_2.5污染程度均有改善,其中长治改善效果最好;2020年山西各地级市PM₁₀污染兼有加重和减轻的情形,所有地级市PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染水平均超过国家二级污染浓度限值;2020年山西多数地级市O₃浓度升高。山西公众健康水平具有明显的空间离散特征,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度的局部空间自相关特征高度一致,呈现"南高北低"的格局,O₃浓度分布呈"南部高,中北部低"的格局。大气环境质量和经济发展水平均对医疗机构诊疗人数和健康体检人数的变化有正向影响,每万人卫生技术人员数量和公共财政支出比例对公众健康均有负向影响,其中经济发展水平和大气环境质量的影响最显著。山西省PM_2.5治理取得一定成效,但大部分城市PM_2.5和PM₁₀达标率较低,O₃浓度有持续升高的趋势,PM₁₀和O₃污染改善缓慢,深度减排仍面临挑战。PM_2.5和PM₁₀是危害山西公众健康的主要大气污染物,未来需要加强PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃的精细化管理及协同治理。

Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Air Pollution and Its Spatial Impact on Public Health in Shanxi Province

The spatial-temporal variation of air pollutant was been analyzed by using inhalable particles (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) and ozone concentration data from Shanxi air quality monitoring network,human health impacts of air pollutant in Shanxi Province during 2015-2020 were assessed based on spatial econometric model and ridge regression method.The main results were listed as follows.The average annual concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ decreased generally,with the highest in 2017 and the lowest in 2020.The annual average ozone concentration showed an increasing trend.Seasonally,the annual average concentration of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ was highest in December and January in winter and lowest in August in summer.The concentrations of ozone were highest in June.Spatially,compared to 2015,PM_2.5 pollution in all prefecture-level cities of Shanxi Province had been improved in 2020,and Changzhi had the best improvement effect.In 2020,PM₁₀ pollution in Shanxi increased in some cities and decreased in others,PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ pollution levels in all prefectures and cities in Shanxi exceeded the national secondary pollution concentration limit.In 2020,the O₃ pollution in most cities of Shanxi increased,but the O₃ pollution in Lyuliang reduced.The public health level presented obvious spatial discrete characteristics,the local spatial autocorrelation characteristics of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations were highly consistent,showing spatial overall distribution characteristic of high in the south and low in the north,the concentration distribution of O₃ was in a pattern of high in the south,low in the middle and north.The results of ridge regression analysis showed that atmospheric environment quality and economic development level had positive effects on changes in the number of people diagnosed and treated in medical institutions and the number of people undergoing physical examination,and the number of health technicians per 10000 people and proportion of public expenditure had negative effects on changes of public health,among which atmospheric environment quality and economic development level had the most significant effects.The distinct achievements had been made in keeping PM_2.5 pollution in Shanxi,however,PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ compliance rates in most cities were low,and the concentration of O₃ continued to increase,PM₁₀ and O₃ pollution improved slowly,the challenge of deep emission reduction will occupy Shanxi in the years to come.PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ have become the primary air pollutants harmful to the health of Shanxi residents.In the future,fine management and collaborative governance of PM_2.5,PM₁₀ and O₃ should be strengthened.