欧盟城市饮用水供应链风险管理与评价及其借鉴

结合欧盟2006年起开展的TECHNEAU(Technology Enabled Universal Access to Safe Water)项目,介绍了欧盟城市"从水源到用户的饮用水供应链"风险管理机制,以及"风险识别、评估、减缓和控制"综合风险评价框架;并从水源地、水处理系统、配水系统、历史风险事件、风险评价方法、评价结果6方面比较了捷克、德国、荷兰、挪威、瑞典5个国家典型城市风险评价实践,着重分析了瑞典哥特堡市风险评价中采用的综合概率故障树法和客户损失时间指数方法及其应用价值。总结了欧盟饮用水供应链的风险管理在全过程管理策略、"关口前移"管理方针、多样性的风险评价方法与技术、参与主体多元化、评价结果公开透明5个方面的成功做法和经验,可供国内参考。

Enlightenment on the risk management and risk assessment of water source and water supply system in European countries

Urban water supply chain includes source water and water supply system.As the base of city dwellers and city development,the safety of water source is attached increasingly important nowadays.Assessing and managing the risk of urban water supply chain is one of the most significant measures for protecting drinking water safety around the world.This paper is aimed at introducing the risk management mechanism from the water source to users,as well as summarizing the "risk identification,assessment,mitigation and control" integrated risk assessment framework.With a case study of TECHNEAU(Technology Enabled Universal Access to Safe Water) project launched by EU in 2006,the paper also compares the risk management and assessment experiences of typical cities in Czech Republic,Germany,the Netherlands and Norway as well as Sweden from the aspects of water source,water treatment system,water distribution system,historical risk events,risk assessment methods,and evaluation of the results.The review is specially focusing on the analysis of the application of fault tree analysis(FTA) for integrated and probabilistic risk analysis as well as the index about customer minutes lost(CML) implemented in Gothenburg,Sweden.This paper summarizes some successful risk management experiences in the whole water supply process,such as "before problems occur" management approach,diversity of risk assessment methods and techniques,diversified participation and transparent results.All these experiences can serve as the reference for China government.Conclusions of the paper can be briefly stated as follows:(1) Risk evaluation and risk management of water source in European Union underline the whole process of water supply chain from the source to the customers;(2) Risk assessment framework is established based on the whole process theory;(3) Water quality monitoring data of risk assessment results are transparent to public;(4) Policy-decision making is based on the qualitative and quantitative appraisal procedures.