健康风险暴露评价研究进展

综述了国内外健康风险暴露评价的最新研究进展,重点讨论了对人体进行直接监测的生物监测技术和对环境中污染因子进行间接监测并利用数学模型进行暴露剂量计算的间接方法。生物监测方法通过测定人体生理介质(如血液、尿液)中的污染物质及其代谢产物含量确定人体对环境污染物的暴露情况,监测结果反映了风险因子通过所有暴露途径进入人体的总暴露剂量。为了利用生物监测结果评价人体暴露安全性,近几年建立了生物监测等效值的概念,推导确定化学物质的生物监测等效值发展迅速。环境监测和数学模型间接方法通过对不同暴露媒介中风险因子的浓度监测和特定暴露途径的量化研究,同时利用精确的暴露计算模型(如空气分散模型、地下水扩散模型)计算人体对污染物的暴露剂量。生物监测和环境监测技术及数学模型的发展使健康风险评价和管理的暴露参数更加精确,降低了风险评价的不确定性。还介绍了利用数学模拟和剂量重建等方法插补历史空白暴露数据的方法。

Review on research advances in health risk exposure assessment

This paper reviews the new research advances of health exposure assessment over past decades.From what we can find from the research trends both at home and abroad,the general tendency is that much more attention has been paid to the human biological monitoring techniques and mathematical models coupled with the environmental contaminant analysis with the focus turned on assessment of the human exposure to ambient health risk factors.Since the human biological monitoring can help to determine human exposure to the environmental pollutants by measuring the chemical substances and their metabolites in human biological samples(such as blood and urine),the measurement of the biological monitoring results can help to reveal the internal dosage of any specific chemical pollutant ingested by the human body through multiple exposure channels and sources,which makes it an ideal tool for risk assessment and risk management.In order to filter out the human exposure safety to numerous chemicals with biological monitoring results,we have come up with the idea of biomonitoring equivalents(BEs) and defined it as a chemical or metabolite dosage in human body media,which is in conformity with the current external exposure criteria.The technology and theory concerned for calculating and deriving bio-monitoring equivalents based on the the human pharmacokinetic information of the chemicals has enabled biological researchers to turn external criteria dosage into a corresponding internal one in human bodies.In addition,since the environmental monitoring measures the concentration of various chemical pollutants in the ambient media,and exposure parameters,such as the quantity of water or soil ingested by human body in different ways,new mathematical models newly developed can also help to identify the various chemical pollutants and exposure parameters ingested by human bodies.Furthermore,we have also adopted the probabilistic models by means of Monte Carlo techniques and Bayesian statistics to characterize the distribution and uncertainty of exposure assessment,the quality of our health risk assessment has also been greatly enhanced.The practice of dose-reconstruction studies can be used to fill in the data gaps of historical exposures,which are of great benefit to epidemiology studies.Thus,it can help to promote the exposure assessment techniques in much more accurate exposure parameters to heighten the reliability of health risk assessment.