Feasibility of honeycomb monolith supported sugar catalyst to produce biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;3. School of Engineering and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;1. Faculty of Caspian, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;2. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, P.O. Box 11365/8486, Tehran, Iran;1. Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology (YunTech), Yunlin64002, Taiwan, ROC;2. Department and Graduate School of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, YunTech, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan, ROC;1. Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China;2. National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, 59 Xiaoyingfang Middle Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100037, China;3. MCC Capital Engineering & Research Incorporation Limited, 7 Jian’an Street, Daxing District, Beijing 100176, China;1. Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Facultad de Ciencias, C.S.I.C. – Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain;2. Instituto de Carboquimica (ICB-CSIC), Miguel Luesma Castán 4, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain;1. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano”, Via Salita Santa Lucia sopra Contesse 5, 98126, Messina, Italy;2. University of Bath, Department of Chemical Engineering, Claverton Down Rd, Bath, BA27AY, United Kingdom;3. Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Carbon coated monolith was prepared by sucrose solution 65 wt.% via dip-coating method. Sulfonation of incomplete carbonized carbon coated monolith was carried out in order to synthesize solid acid catalyst. The textural structure characteristics of the solid acid catalyst demonstrated a low surface area and pore volume. Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), a by-product of palm oil refineries, was utilized as oil source in biodiesel production. The esterification reaction subjected to different reaction conditions was performed by using the sulfonated carbon coated monolith as heterogeneous catalyst. The sulfonation process had been performed by using vapour of concentrated H2SO4 that was much easier and efficient than liquid phase sulfonation. Total acidity value of carbon coated monolith was measured for unsulfonated sample (0.5 mmol/g) and sulfonated sample (4.2 mmol/g). The effect of methanol/oil ratio, catalyst amount and reaction time were examined. The maximum methyl ester content was 89% at the optimum condition, i.e. methanol/oil molar ratio (15:1), catalyst amount (2.5 wt.% with respect to PFAD), reaction time (240 min) and temperature 80 °C. The sugar catalyst supported on the honeycomb monolith showed comparable reactivity compared with the sugar catalyst powder. However, the catalyst reusability studies showed decrease in FFA% conversion from 95.3% to 68.8% after four cycles as well as the total acidity of catalyst dropped from the value 4.2 to 3.1 mmol/g during these cycles. This might be likely due to the leaching out of SO3H group from the sulfonated carbon coated monolith surface. The leaching of active species reached a plateau state after fourth cycle. |
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| Keywords: | Biodiesel Carbon coated monolith Palm fatty acid distillate Solid acid catalyst Sucrose Sulfonation |
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