An in-depth analysis of self-reported cycling injuries in single and multiparty bicycle crashes in Denmark |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd., Bowling Green, KY, United States;2. Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Thomas Manns Vej 23, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;1. Institute of Transport Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia;2. Amy Gillett Foundation, St Kilda, Melbourne, Australia;3. Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash Injury Research Institute, Clayton, Australia;1. Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 116B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;2. Department of Geography, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, 91905 Jerusalem, Israel;3. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia;1. Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Room 391, Macdonald Engineering Building, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C3, Canada;2. Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Room 268, Macdonald Engineering Building, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C3, Canada;3. Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada;4. IFSTTAR-TS2-LMA, 304 Chemin de la Croix Blanche, F-13300 Salon de Provence, France;1. School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, United States;2. School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, United States;1. Transportation Planning Branch, The City of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 3-004 NREF, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 6-106 NREF, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada;1. SWOV, Bezuidenhoutseweg 62, The Hague, the Netherlands;2. Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, the Netherlands;3. Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;4. Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Centre (MOBI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;5. Department of Public Health, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium;6. Roessingh Research and Development, Roessinghsbleekweg 33, 7522 AH Enschede, the Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Introduction: Cycling is one of the main forms of transportation in Denmark. However, while the number of traffic crash fatalities in the country has decreased over the past decade, the frequency of cyclists killed or seriously injured has increased. The high rate of serious injuries and fatalities associated with cycling emphasizes the increasing need for mitigating the severity of such crashes. Method: This study conducted an in-depth analysis of cyclist injury severity resulting from single and multiparty bicycle-involved crashes. Detailed information was collected using self-reporting data undertaken in Denmark for a 12-month period between 1 November 2012 and 31 October 2013. Separate multilevel logistic (MLL) regression models were applied to estimate cyclist injury severity for single and multiparty crashes. The goodness-of-fit measures favored the MLL models over the standard logistic models, capturing the intercorrelation among bicycle crashes that occurred in the same geographical area. Results: The results also showed that single bicycle-involved crashes resulted in more serious outcomes when compared to multiparty crashes. For both single and multiparty bicycle crash categories, non-urban areas were associated with more serious injury outcomes. For the single crashes, wet surface condition, autumn and summer seasons, evening and night periods, non-adverse weather conditions, cyclists aged between 45 and 64 years, male sex, riding for the purpose of work or educational activities, and bicycles with light turned-off were associated with severe injuries. For the multiparty crashes, intersections, bicycle paths, non-winter season, not being employed or retired, lower personal car ownership, and race bicycles were directly related to severe injury consequences. Practical Applications: The findings of this study demonstrated that the best way to promote cycling safety is the combination of improving the design and maintenance of cycling facilities, encouraging safe cycling behavior, and intensifying enforcement efforts. |
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| Keywords: | Bicycle crashes Injury severity Self-reported crashes Crash type Multilevel logistic model |
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