Fun ride or risky transport: Golf cart-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments from 2007 through 2017 |
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| Institution: | 1. Center for Injury Research and Policy, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States;2. Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States;3. Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, United States;1. Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, 1741 Museum Road, PO Box 110570, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;2. National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute 1000 N. Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449, USA;3. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;1. School of Labor and Employment Relations, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 504 E. Armory Ave, 247E LER Building, Champaign, IL 61820, United States;2. Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, 640 Poe Hall, 2310 Katharine Stinson Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695-7650, United States;3. Department of Management and International Business, College of Business, Florida International University, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, 11200 S.W. 8th St, MANGO 472, Miami, FL 33199, United States;1. Spectrum Health/Michigan State University General Surgery Residency, Grand Rapids, MI, United States;2. Spectrum Health/Michigan State University Plastic Surgery Residency, Grand Rapids, MI, United States;3. Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States;4. Trauma Research Institute, Division of Acute Care Surgery, Spectrum Health Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States;5. Division of Surgical Oncology, Spectrum Health Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States;6. Division of Acute Care Surgery, Spectrum Health Hospital, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States;7. Trauma Research Institute, Division of Acute Care Surgery, Spectrum Health Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States;1. Civil and Environmental Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, United States;2. South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia, SC, United States;3. Wyoming Technology Transfer Center, Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Dept. 3295 Laramie, WY 82071, United States;1. Adolescent Risk Research Unit (ARRU), Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience – Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia;2. School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), Australia;3. Consortium of Adolescent Road Safety (cadrosa.org), Australia;4. Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland (CARRS-Q), Australia;1. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, United States;2. Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, United States |
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| Abstract: | Introduction: Golf cart-related injuries constitute a substantial source of morbidity, most notably in pediatric populations. Despite the high rate of injuries, there have been no meaningful changes in golf cart design or legislation to reduce the overall burden of these injuries. This study sought to characterize the epidemiology of golf cart-related injuries treated in United States hospital emergency departments. Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for patients of all ages who were treated in emergency departments (EDs) (2007–2017) for a golf cart-related injury. Results: From 2007 through 2017, an estimated 156,040 (95% CI = 102,402–209,679) patients were treated in U.S. EDs for golf cart-related injuries. The average rate of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in children (1.62 per 100,000 children) was more than three times that of TBIs in adults (0.52 per 100,000 adults; rate ratio = 2.38; 95% CI = 2.36–2.41) and nearly twice that of TBIs in seniors (1.11 per 100,000 seniors; rate ratio = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.19–1.22). The rate of injuries in seniors increased significantly by 67.6% from 4.81 per 100,000 seniors in 2007 to 8.06 per 100,000 seniors in 2017 (slope = 0.096; p = 0.041). Conclusions: Golf cart use remains an important source of injury for people of all ages, especially in children. As use continues to increase, it is unlikely that golf cart-related injuries will decrease without substantial changes to product design, regulation, and/or legislation. Practical Applications: Use of golf carts pose a considerable risk of injury and morbidity; safety recommendations should be followed. |
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| Keywords: | NEISS Transportation safety Golf cart Injuries Traumatic brain injury |
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