Quantification of source-level turbulence during LNG spills onto a water pond |
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| Authors: | Filippo Gavelli Melissa K Chernovsky Edward Bullister Harri K Kytomaa |
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| Institution: | 1. Exponent, Inc., 17000 Science Drive, Suite 200, Bowie, MD 20715, USA;2. Cambridge Technology Development, Inc., 20 Rolling Lane, Weston, MA, USA;1. School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China;2. Environmental Engineering Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, Bristish Columbia, Canada;1. National Centre for Maritime Engineering and Hydrodynamics, Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7248, Australia;2. School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia;3. Centre for Risk, Integrity and Safety Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada;4. Hydrogen Safety Engineering and Research Centre (HySAFER), Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;2. Shenyang Institute of Automation Guangzhou, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 511458, China;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam 626117, India;2. Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur 628215, India;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kalasalingam University, Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil 626126, India;1. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an 710049, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing 100028, China;1. Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics/Key Laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing 100028, China;3. Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China |
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| Abstract: | The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to simulate LNG vapor dispersion scenarios has been growing steadily over the last few years, with applications to LNG spills on land as well as on water. Before a CFD model may be used to predict the vapor dispersion hazard distances for a hypothetical LNG spill scenario, it is necessary for the model to be validated with respect to relevant experimental data. As part of a joint-industry project aimed at validating the CFD methodology, the LNG vapor source term, including the turbulence level associated with the evaporation process vapors was quantified for one of the Falcon tests.This paper presents the method that was used to quantify the turbulent intensity of evaporating LNG, by analyzing the video images of one of the Falcon tests, which involved LNG spills onto a water pond. The measured rate of LNG pool growth and spreading and the quantified turbulence intensity that were obtained from the image analysis were used as the LNG vapor source term in the CFD model to simulate the Falcon-1 LNG spill test. Several CFD simulations were performed, using a vaporization flux of 0.127 kg/m2 s, radial and outward spreading velocities of 1.53 and 0.55 m/s respectively, and a range of turbulence kinetic energy values between 2.9 and 28.8 m2/s2. The resulting growth and spread of the vapor cloud within the impounded area and outside of it were found to match the observed behavior and the experimental measured data.The results of the analysis presented in this paper demonstrate that a detailed and accurate definition of the LNG vapor source term is critical in order for any vapor cloud dispersion simulation to provide useful and reliable results. |
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