高层建筑楼梯与电梯耦合的安全疏散策略研究

人员疏散是高层建筑火灾应急管理中重要问题之一。仅依靠楼梯无法在火灾初期安全快速地大批量疏散人群,必须引入其他疏散途径,才能达到安全疏散的要求,而引入电梯,实现楼梯电梯耦合疏散,成为未来高层建筑火灾垂直疏散的新趋势之一。运用Building EXODUS从不同建筑高度、不同人群密度、不同人员类型3个方面,运用楼梯模式、A型Shuttle Floor模式、B型Shuttle Floor模式、Sky Lobby模式4种模式进行模拟,提出每种情况的最优疏散策略。研究结果表明:任何层数的高层建筑都存在1个或数个最佳分离楼层使楼梯电梯耦合疏散的效率最高;在运用楼梯以及耦合方案2时,疏散时间与建筑高度呈线性关系,且随着楼层的增高耦合方案2所用疏散时间越来越接近楼梯疏散时间的二分之一;不同人群密度与最佳分离楼层无关;当人员平均疏散能力较高时,最佳分离楼层会上移反之则会下降。

Study on safety evacuation strategy with coupling of stairs and elevators in high rise building

The personnel evacuation is one of the important problems in the emergency management of high rise building fire. Only relying on the stairs cannot evacuate the crowds safely and quickly in the early stages of a fire, so other evacuation approaches must be introduced to meet the requirements of safe evacuation. The introduction of elevators to realize the coupled evacuation of stairs and elevators will become a new trend of vertical evacuation in case of high rise building fire in the future. The BuildingEXODUS was applied to carry out the simulation using four modes including the stairs mode, type A of Shuttle Floor mode, type B of Shuttle Floor mode and Sky Lobby mode from three aspects of different building heights, different crowd densities and different types of personnel, and the optimal evacuation strategy of each situation was put forward. The results show that in any number of high rise buildings always exist one or several optimal separation floors, which make the stair elevator coupling evacuation the most efficient. The evacuation time is linear with the building height in the application of stairs and coupling scheme 2. With the increasing of layers number, the evacuation time of the coupling scheme 2 is closer to one half of the stairs. The density of occupants is independent of the optimal separation floor. When the average occupants' evacuation capacity is high, the optimal separation floor will move up, vice versa.