Life-cycle-assessment of the historical development of air pollution control and energy recovery in waste incineration |
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| Authors: | Anders Damgaard Christian Riber Thilde Fruergaard Tore Hulgaard Thomas H Christensen |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, Building 113, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;2. Ramboll, Consulting Engineers, Teknikerbyen 31, DK-2830 Virum, Denmark;1. CERIS-ICIST, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;2. School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK;3. Applying Concrete Knowledge, 1A Blackened Avenue, Birmingham, B17 8AP, UK;1. Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sustainability Science, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851, Lappeenranta, Finland;2. State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;1. Aveny GmbH, Schwandenholzstr. 212, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland;2. ETH Zurich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Schafmattstrasse 6, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland;3. Swiss Post, Communications, Politics and Social Responsibility, Viktoriastrasse 21, P.O. Box, CH-3030 Berne, Switzerland;4. City of Zürich, ERZ Entsorgung + Recycling Zürich, Hagenholzstrasse 110, P.O. Box, CH-8050 Zürich, Switzerland;1. Sustainable Environment Research Group, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;2. Aston Business School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;3. Mechanical Engineering Department, Centre for Quality Management System, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India |
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| Abstract: | Incineration of municipal solid waste is a debated waste management technology. In some countries it is the main waste management option whereas in other countries it has been disregarded. The main discussion point on waste incineration is the release of air emissions from the combustion of the waste, but also the energy recovery efficiency has a large importance.The historical development of air pollution control in waste incineration was studied through life-cycle-assessment modelling of eight different air pollution control technologies. The results showed a drastic reduction in the release of air emissions and consequently a significant reduction in the potential environmental impacts of waste incineration. Improvements of a factor 0.85–174 were obtained in the different impact potentials as technology developed from no emission control at all, to the best available emission control technologies of today (2010).The importance of efficient energy recovery was studied through seven different combinations of heat and electricity recovery, which were modelled to substitute energy produced from either coal or natural gas. The best air pollution control technology was used at the incinerator. It was found that when substituting coal based energy production total net savings were obtained in both the standard and toxic impact categories. However, if the substituted energy production was based on natural gas, only the most efficient recovery options yielded net savings with respect to the standard impacts. With regards to the toxic impact categories, emissions from the waste incineration process were always larger than those from the avoided energy production based on natural gas. The results shows that the potential environmental impacts from air emissions have decreased drastically during the last 35 years and that these impacts can be partly or fully offset by recovering energy which otherwise should have been produced from fossil fuels like coal or natural gas. |
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