19th century London dust-yards: A case study in closed-loop resource efficiency |
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| Authors: | Costas A Velis David C Wilson Christopher R Cheeseman |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Resource Management and Efficiency, Sustainable Systems Department, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Building 40, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK;2. Centre for Environmental Control and Waste Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Skempton Building, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2BU, UK;1. Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN (IFJ PAN), Krakow, Poland;2. Department of Medical Physics, The Maria Sk?odowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom;2. Education and Competence Studies, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands;3. Independent Consultant, Saint Lucia;4. School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, United Kingdom;5. RWA Group, Sofia, Bulgaria;6. WASTE, Gouda, The Netherlands;7. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), Cairo, Egypt;8. GIZ, Eschborn, Germany;1. CNR, Istituto Motori, Via Marconi 4, Naples, Italy;2. Altran Italia S.p.A., Str. del Drosso, 33, 10135, Turin, Italy;3. University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy;4. University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy;1. Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), São Paulo School of Management (FGV/EAESP), São Paulo, Brazil;2. Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Sorocaba, Brazil;3. School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil;4. Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (FGV/EBAPE), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;5. Institute for Global Public Policy, Fudan University, China;6. Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The material recovery methods used by dust-yards in early 19th century London, England and the conditions that led to their development, success and decline are reported. The overall system developed in response to the market value of constituents of municipal waste, and particularly the high coal ash content of household ‘dust’. The emergence of lucrative markets for ‘soil’ and ‘breeze’ products encouraged dust-contractors to recover effectively 100% of the residual wastes remaining after readily saleable items and materials had been removed by the thriving informal sector. Contracting dust collection to the private sector allowed parishes to keep the streets relatively clean, without the need to develop institutional capacity, and for a period this also generated useful income. The dust-yard system is, therefore, an early example of organised, municipal-wide solid waste management, and also of public–private sector participation. The dust-yard system had been working successfully for more than 50 years before the Public Health Acts of 1848 and 1875, and was thus important in facilitating a relatively smooth transition to an institutionalised, municipally-run solid waste management system in England. The dust-yards can be seen as early precursors of modern materials recycling facilities (MRFs) and mechanical–biological treatment (MBT) plants; however, it must be emphasised that dust-yards operated without any of the environmental and occupational health considerations that are indispensable today. In addition, there are analogies between dust-yards and informal sector recycling systems currently operating in many developing countries. |
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