Pressurized liquid extraction of six tetracyclines from agricultural soils |
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Authors: | Inna E Popova Matthew J Morra Sanjai J Parikh |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Soil and Water Systems, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA;2. Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA;3. Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA |
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Abstract: | Veterinary antibiotics used in agriculture can be introduced into the environment through land application of animal manure, accumulating in soils and groundwaters and posing a significant risk to human health and animal well-being. As the analysis of tetracyclines in soil is challenging due to their strong interaction with soil minerals and organic carbon, the objective of this study was to develop a reliable and reproducible method for quantitative analysis of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, and their respective metabolites in soils. A method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with in-cell clean-up was developed for the extraction of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline and four likely metabolites from a set of four soils. Optimized conditions included a cell size of 22?mL, soil loading of 5?g, pH of 8.0, methanol:water ratio of 3:1, 50?°C, and two cycles. Soil extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). Recoveries of seven tetracyclines from soil ranged from 41% to 110%. The limits of detection for tetracyclines were 0.08–0.3 µg g?1 soil, and intra- and inter-day variation ranged from 0.12–0.34%. The proposed PLE method is suitable for quantification of tetracyclines in agricultural soils at typical concentrations expected in contaminated environments. |
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Keywords: | Soil extraction tetracyclines antibiotics accelerated solvent extraction pressurized liquid extraction |
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