Perchlorate: Problems,Detection, and Solutions |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Recycling (Shandong), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China;2. School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005,Australia;3. CSIRO Land and Water, Gate 5, Waite Road, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia;1. Department of Food Safety/ Hygiene and Risk Management, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan;2. Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan;3. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan;1. Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile;2. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Science, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall of Engineering, South Bend, IN 46556, United States;3. Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile;1. Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan;2. Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan;3. Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan;4. Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan;5. Department of Chemistry (Chemical Biology Division), College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan;6. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan;1. Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China;2. HC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China |
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| Abstract: | The perchlorate anion (ClO4–) is produced when the solid salts of ammonium, potassium, and sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid dissolve in water. Ammonium perchlorate, used in solid rocket engine fuels, has a limited shelf life and must periodically be replaced. Before 1997, perchlorate could not be readily detected in groundwater at concentrations below 100 μg/L, until the California Department of Health Services developed an acceptable analytical method that lowered the detection limit to 4 μg/L. Subsequently, groundwater containing perchlorate were soon encountered in several western states, and contamination became apparent in Colorado River water. Most perchlorate salts have high water solubilities; concentrated solutions have densities greater than water. Once dissolved, perchlorate is extremely mobile, requiring decades to degrade. Health effects from ingesting low dosage perchlorate-contaminated water are not well known: it interferes with the body's iodine intake, causing an inhibition of human thyroid production. Contaminated surface and groundwater treatment may require bio- and/or phytoremediation technologies. Perchlorate in groundwater is relatively unretarded; it probably travels by advection. Therefore, it may be used as a tracer for hydrocarbon and metal contaminants that are significantly more retarded. Possible forensic techniques include chlorine isotopes for defining multiple or commingled perchlorate plumes. |
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