Characterisation of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter in the ambient air of Milan (Italy) |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD), Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change, Jalan Sultan, 46667 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;3. Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, 60115 Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia;4. Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia;5. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;6. Department of Sustainable System Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan;7. Centre for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300, Malaysia;8. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India;1. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;2. Environmental Monitoring Station, Chifeng Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, Inner Mongolia, Chifeng 024000, China;3. Advanced Standards Technical Service Co., Ltd, Beijing 100093, China |
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| Abstract: | 24-h simultaneous samplings of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter (PM) have been carried out during the period December 1997–September 1998 in the central urban area of Milan. The mass concentrations of the two fractions showed significant daily variations linked to different thermodynamic conditions of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and characterised by higher values during wintertime. The elemental composition, determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technique, was quite different in the two fractions: in the finer one the presence of elements with crustal origin is reduced while the anthropogenic elements, with a relevant environmental and health impact, appear to be enriched. The composition data allowed a quantification of two major components of the atmospheric particulate: sulphates (mainly of secondary origin) and particles with crustal origin. An important but unmeasured component is likely constituted by organic and elemental carbon compounds.The multivariate analysis of elements, gaseous pollutants and mass concentration data-sets leads to the identification of four main sources contributing to PM10 and PM2.5 composition: vehicles exhaust emissions, resuspended crustal dust, secondary sulphates and industrial emissions. The existence of a possible background component with non-local origin is also suggested. |
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