Multi-year measurements of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Arctic atmosphere |
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| Institution: | 1. Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON., Canada M3H 5T4;2. National Laboratory for Environmental Testing, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON., Canada L7R 4A6;3. AirZone One Ltd., 222 Matheson Blvd. E., Mississauga, ON., Canada L4Z 1X1;1. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan;2. Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana;3. National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan;1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China;2. Beijing China Sciences General Energy & Environment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100036, China;1. Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan;2. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan;3. Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan;1. National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China;2. Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China;1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China |
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| Abstract: | Weekly high-volume air samples have been collected in the Canadian High Arctic (Alert, Nunavut) since 1992. Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are quantified in 104 samples over the time period of 2002–2004. To our knowledge, this study reports the first continuous multi-year measurements of PBDEs in Arctic air. Average air concentrations (in pg m−3) were 7.7 (0.40–47) and 1.6 (0.091–9.8) for 14 PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) and BDE-209, respectively, over the entire sampling period. BDE-28/33, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 209 accounted for 90% (72–97%, n=104) of the 15 PBDEs. Occurrence of BDE-47, 99, and 209 suggests that PBDEs in Alert air were likely associated with the usage of “penta-BDE” and “deca-BDE” technical mixtures worldwide. Natural logarithm of concentrations for less brominated PBDEs correlated significantly with ambient temperatures in the summertime, suggesting importance of volatilization emissions in a local and/or regional scale. On the other hand, episodically elevated concentrations of the less brominated PBDEs in the wintertime and lack of seasonality for the non-volatile BDE-209 indicate potential inputs of particle-bound PBDEs through long-range transport (LRT), especially during the Arctic haze season. Inter-annual trend data further show that concentrations of the eight PBDEs increased inter-annually in 2002–2004 with doubling times of 2–6 years, which were similar to growth rates found in Arctic biotic samples. The results of this study and previous measurements suggest that potential sources of PBDEs in Arctic air include both volatilization emissions and LRT inputs. |
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