C1–C8 volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Hong Kong: Overview of atmospheric processing and source apportionment |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA;2. Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong;1. Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China;2. Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong;3. School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China;4. Air Group, Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong;1. Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, 508 Qinzhou Rd., Shanghai 200233, China;2. School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA;1. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;2. School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China;3. Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), Shanghai, 200062, China;1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China;2. Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA;3. School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China;4. Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi''an, China;5. Department of Civil Engineering, Chu Hai College of Higher Education, New Territories, Hong Kong, China;6. State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China;7. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China;8. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China;9. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA |
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| Abstract: | We present measurements of C1–C8 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at four sites ranging from urban to rural areas in Hong Kong from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 248 ambient VOC samples were collected. As expected, the urban and sub-urban sites generally gave relatively high VOC levels. In contrast, the average VOC levels were the lowest in the rural area. In general, higher mixing ratios were observed during winter/spring and lower levels during summer/fall because of seasonal variations of meteorological conditions. A variation of the air mass composition from urban to rural sites was observed. High ratios of ethyne/CO (5.6 pptv/ppbv) and propane/ethane (0.50 pptv/pptv) at the rural site suggested that the air masses over the territory were relatively fresh as compared to other remote regions. The principal component analysis (PCA) with absolute principal component scores (APCS) technique was applied to the VOC data in order to identify and quantify pollution sources at different sites. These results indicated that vehicular emissions made a significant contribution to ambient non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs) levels in urban areas (65±36%) and in sub-urban areas (50±28% and 53±41%). Other sources such as petrol evaporation, industrial emissions and solvent usage also played important roles in the VOC emissions. At the rural site, almost half of the measured total NMVOCs were due to combustion sources (vehicular and/or biomass/biofuel burning). Petrol evaporation, solvent usage, industrial and biogenic emissions also contributed to the atmospheric NMVOCs. The source apportionment results revealed a strong impact of anthropogenic VOCs to the atmosphere of Hong Kong in both urban/sub-urban and rural areas. |
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