Personal exposure to PM2.5 and element composition—A comparison between outdoor and indoor workers from two Mexican cities |
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| Institution: | 1. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM, Batallón 5 de Mayo s.n. esq. Plan de Ayala, Iztapalapa, México DF 09110, México;2. School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Herman Pressler 1200, Houston, TX 4330, USA;3. División de Monitoreo del Aire, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Capacitación Ambiental (CENICA), INE, Periférico 5000, Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco, 04530 Coyoacán, México DF, México;1. Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;2. Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;4. National Institute for Amazonia Research, Manaus, Brazil;5. National School of Public Health at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;6. Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland;7. Cellular Biology and Genetics Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;1. Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;2. Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;3. Toxicology Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;4. Department of Health Sciences, Lutheran University of Brazil, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil;5. Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;6. Institute of Cardiology, University Cardiology Foundation, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;7. Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;1. Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, España;2. Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Grupo de Retina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, España;1. National Center for Occupational Health and Infection Control (COHIC), Office of Public Health, Department of Veterans Affairs, Gainesville, FL;2. National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA;3. Office of Public Health, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC |
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| Abstract: | Many individuals work outdoors in the formal and informal economy of the large urban areas in developing countries, where they are potentially exposed for long periods to high concentrations of ambient airborne particulate matter (PM). This study describes the personal exposures to PM of 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter and smaller (PM2.5) for a sample of outdoor and indoor workers in two cities, Mexico City and Puebla, in central Mexico.Thirty-six workers in Mexico City and 17 in Puebla were studied. Thirty were outdoor workers (i.e., taxi and bus drivers, street vendors, and vehicle inspectors) and 23 were indoor (office) workers. Their personal exposures to PM2.5 were monitored for a mean 19-h period. In Mexico City, the street vendors and taxi drivers overall exposures were significantly higher than indoor workers were. In Puebla, bus drivers had a higher overall exposure than vehicle inspectors or indoor workers. Most of the exposures were above the 65 μg m−3 24-h Mexican standard.In Mexico City, exposures to Si, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo and Cd were higher for outdoor than for indoor workers. In Puebla, exposures to Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, and Zn also were higher for outdoor workers. In Mexico City outdoor workers exposures to Cu, Pb, Cr, Se and Mo were 4 or more times higher than for Puebla outdoor workers, while Puebla outdoor workers’ exposures to V, Si, Fe and Ca were 3 or more times higher than Mexico City outdoor workers.These results suggest that for these outdoor workers the elevated local ambient air PM concentrations and an extended period spent outside are more important contributors to total exposures than indoor concentrations. These workers could be at particular risk of increased morbidity and mortality associated with ambient PM. |
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