Emissions of volatile fatty acids from feed at dairy facilities |
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| Authors: | Phillip Alanis Shawn Ashkan Charles Krauter Sean Campbell Alam S Hasson |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemistry, 2555 East San Ramon Avenue M/S SB70, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;2. Center for Irrigation Technology, 4370 North Chestnut Avenue, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;3. Department of Plant Sciences, 2415 East San Ramon Avenue M/S AS72, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;1. Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;2. Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Environmental Protection Administration, Jongli 320, Taiwan;1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China;2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, PR China;3. National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, PR China;4. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China;1. School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea;2. SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea;3. Hyosung Corporation, R&D Business Labs, Anyang 431-080, Republic of Korea;4. LG Electronic, Material & Device Advanced Research Institute, Seoul 137-724, Republic of Korea;1. Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy (E2E) and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;1. Chemistry Department, 2555 East San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;2. Geography Department, 2555 East San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB69, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;3. National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, 2110 University Blvd, Ames, IA 50011, USA;4. Center for Irrigation Technology, 4370 North Chestnut Avenue, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;5. Earth and Environmental Sciences Department, 2576 East San Ramon Avenue, M/S ST24, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA 93740, USA |
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| Abstract: | Recent studies suggest that dairy operations may be a major source of non-methane volatile organic compounds in dairy-intensive regions such as Central California, with short chain carboxylic acids (volatile fatty acids or VFAs) as the major components. Emissions of four VFAs (acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid and hexanoic acid) were measured from two feed sources (silage and total mixed rations (TMR)) at six Central California Dairies over a fifteen-month period. Measurements were made using a combination of flux chambers, solid phase micro-extraction fibers coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME/GC–MS) and infra-red photoaccoustic detection (IR-PAD for acetic acid only). The relationship between acetic acid emissions, source surface temperature and four sample composition factors (acetic acid content, ammonia-nitrogen content, water content and pH) was also investigated. As observed previously, acetic acid dominates the VFA emissions. Fluxes measured by IR-PAD were systematically lower than SPME/GC–MS measurements by a factor of two. High signals in field blanks prevented emissions from animal waste sources (flush lane, bedding, open lot) from being quantified. Acetic acid emissions from feed sources are positively correlated with surface temperature and acetic acid content. The measurements were used to derive a relationship between surface temperature, acetic acid content and the acetic acid flux. The equation derived from SPME/GC–MS measurements predicts estimated annual average acetic acid emissions of (0.7 + 1/?0.4) g m?2 h?1 from silage and (0.2 + 0.3/?0.1) g m?2 h?1 from TMR using annually averaged acetic acid content and meteorological data. However, during the summer months, fluxes may be several times higher than these values. |
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