Particulate matter emissions from on-road vehicles in a freeway tunnel study |
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| Authors: | Chiang Hung-Lung Huang Yao-Sheng |
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| Institution: | 1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China;2. Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China;3. Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;1. Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China;2. Key Laboratory of Cities'' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai (China Meteorological Administration), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China;3. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | Particulate matter, including coarse particles (PM2.5–10, aerodynamic diameter of particle between 2.5 and 10 μm) and fine particles (PM2.5, aerodynamic diameter of particle lower than 2.5 μm) and their compositions, including elemental carbon, organic carbon, and 11 water-soluble ionic species, and elements, were measured in a tunnel study. A comparison of the six-hour average of light-duty vehicle (LDV) flow of the two sampling periods showed that the peak hours over the weekend were higher than those on weekdays. However, the flow of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) on the weekdays was significant higher than that during the weekend in this study. EC and OC content were 49% for PM2.5–10 and 47% for PM2.5 in the tunnel center. EC content was higher than OC content in PM2.5–10, but EC was about 2.3 times OC for PM2.5. Sulfate, nitrate, ammonium were the main species for PM2.5–10 and PM2.5. The element contents of Na, Al, Ca, Fe and K were over 0.8 μg m?3 in PM2.5–10 and PM2.5. In addition, the concentrations of S, Ba, Pb, and Zn were higher than 0.1 μg m?3 for PM2.5–10 and PM2.5. The emission factors of PM2.5–10 and PM2.5 were 18 ± 6.5 and 39 ± 11 mg km?1-vehicle, respectively. The emission factors of EC/OC were 3.6/2.7 mg km?1-vehicle for PM2.5–10 and 15/4.7 mg km?1-vehicle for PM2.5 Furthermore, the emission factors of water-soluble ions were 0.028(Mg2+)–0.81(SO42?) and 0.027(NO2?)–0.97(SO42?) mg km?1-vehicle for PM2.5–10 and PM2.5, respectively. Elemental emission factors were 0.003(V)–1.6(Fe) and 0.001(Cd)–1.05(Na) mg km?1-vehicle for PM2.5–10 and PM2.5, respectively. |
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