Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of atmospheric particulate matter from an urban and a rural site in Switzerland |
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| Authors: | Daniela Wenger Andreas C Gerecke Norbert V Heeb Christoph Hueglin Cornelia Seiler Regula Haag Hanspeter Naegeli Renato Zenobi |
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| Institution: | 1. Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland;2. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;3. Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;4. Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland;1. Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;2. Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;1. Energy and Materials Laboratory, Higher School of Science and Technology Hammam Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, 4054, Tunisia;2. Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia;3. Quantum Physics Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Monastir, 5000, Tunisia;1. Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil;2. Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil;3. Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil;1. Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;2. Department of Light Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic, Foshan 528041, China |
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| Abstract: | Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is an air-suspended mixture of solid and liquid particles that vary in size, shape, and chemical composition. Long-term exposure to elevated concentrations of fine atmospheric particles is considered to pose a health threat to humans and animals. In this context, it has been hypothesized that toxic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role. Some PAHs are known to be carcinogenic and it has been shown that carcinogenic effects of PAHs are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In this study, PM1 was collected at a rural and an urban traffic site during an intense winter smog period, in which concentration of PM1 often exceeded 50 μg m?3. We applied an in vitro reporter gene assay (DR-CALUX) to detect and quantify PM1-associated chemicals that induce AhR-mediated gene expression. This activity was expressed as CALUX equivalents of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (PM-TCDD-CEQs). In addition, concentrations of PAHs in the PM1 extracts were determined using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs ranged from 10 to 85 pg m?3 and from 19 to 87 pg m?3 at the urban and rural site, respectively. By the use of known relative potency factors, the measured concentration of a PAH was converted into a PAH-TCDD-CEQ concentration. ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ and PM-TCDD-CEQ were highly correlated at both sites (r2 = 0.90 and 0.69). The calculated ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQs explain between 2% and 20% of the measured PM-TCDD-CEQs. Benzok]fluoranthene was the most important PAH causing approximately 60% of the total ΣPAH-TCDD-CEQ activity. In contrast to NO, CO, PM10, and PM1, the concentration of PM-TCDD-CEQs showed no significant difference between the two sites. No indications were found that road traffic emissions caused elevated concentrations of PM-TCDD-CEQs at the urban traffic site. |
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