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UV–visible light-activated Ag-decorated,monodisperse TiO2 aggregates for treatment of the pharmaceutical oxytetracycline |
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| Authors: | Changseok Han Vlassis Likodimos Javed Ali Khan Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda Joel Andersen Polycarpos Falaras Pablo Rosales-Lombardi Dionysios D Dionysiou |
| Institution: | 1. Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA 2. Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Materials, Physicochemical Processes Nanotechnology and Microsystems (IAMPPNM), National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 153 10 Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece 3. Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan 4. Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Chemistry, S.E.T’s College of Pharmacy, Sangolli Rayanna Nagar, Dharwad, 580 002, India 5. Advanced Materials Characterization Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0018, USA 6. Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, 20537, Nicosia, Cyprus |
| Abstract: | Noble metal Ag-decorated, monodisperse TiO2 aggregates were successfully synthesized by an ionic strength-assisted, simple sol–gel method and were used for the photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) under both UV and visible light (UV–visible light) irradiation. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD); UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM); micro-Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS); and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed that the uniformity of TiO2 aggregates was finely tuned by the sol–gel method, and Ag was well decorated on the monodisperse TiO2 aggregates. The absorption of the samples in the visible light region increased with increasing Ag loading that was proportional to the amount of Ag precursor added in the solution over the tested concentration range. The Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (The BET) surface area slightly decreased with increasing Ag loading on the TiO2 aggregates. Ag-decorated TiO2 samples demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of OTC under UV–visible light illumination compared to that of pure TiO2. The sample containing 1.9 wt% Ag showed the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of OTC under both UV–visible light and visible light illumination. During the experiments, the detected Ag leaching for the best TiO2-Ag photocatalyst was much lower than the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation for Ag limit (0.1 mg L?1) issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency. |
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