Effect of humic acids on the toxicity of pollutants to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Investigation by a microscale algal growth inhibition test

Dissolved humic substances (DHSs) are the major components of organic matter in the aquatic environment. DHSs are well known to considerably affect the speciation, solubility, and toxicity of a wide variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment. In this study, the effects of the toxicity of heavy metals and hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in the presence of humic acid (HA) were examined by a microscale algal growth inhibition (μ-AGI) test based on spectrophotometric detection. To clarify the relationship between the chemical properties of HAs and the toxicity change of pollutants, eight HAs from different sources were prepared and used. HAs were responsible for mitigating the toxicity of Hg, Cu, pesticides (γ-HCH, 2,4-D, and DDT), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene (Nap), anthracene (Ant), and benzoa]pyrene (BaP). In particular, an approximately 100-fold decrease in the toxicity of BaP was observed in the presence of 10 ppm HAs extracted from tropical peat. The results indicated that the carboxylic group content and the HA molecular weight are correlated to the changes in the heavy metal toxicity. For HOPs, the aromaticity and polarity of HAs are crucial for mitigating their toxicity. Furthermore, it was clearly shown that the lake water including a high concentration of DHSs collected from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, reduced the toxicity of Hg and γ-HCH on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Graphical abstract