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Ionic liquids as lubricants or lubrication additives: An ecotoxicity and biodegradability assessment |
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| Authors: | Stolte Stefan Steudte Stephanie Areitioaurtena Olatz Pagano Francesco Thöming Jorg Stepnowski Piotr Igartua Amaya |
| Institution: | a Tribology Unit, Fundación Tekniker, Otaola 20, 20600 Eibar, Spain b Department of Sustainable Chemistry, Centre for Environmental, Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany c Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, PL-80-952 Gdańsk, Poland d Department of Chemical Engineering - Recovery & Recycling, Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., UFT, D-28359 Bremen, Germany |
| Abstract: | This paper reports on the (eco)toxicity and biodegradability of ionic liquids considered for application as lubricants or lubrication additives. Ammonium- and pyrrolidinium-based cations combined with methylsulphate, methylsulphonate and/or (CF3SO2)2N− anions were investigated in tests to determine their aquatic toxicity using water fleas Daphnia magna, green algae Selenastrum capricornutum and marine bacteria (Vibrio fischeri). Additional test systems with an isolated enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) and isolated leukaemia cells from rats (IPC-81) were used to assess the biological activity of the ionic liquids. These compounds generally exhibit low acute toxicity and biological activity. Their biodegradability was screened according to OECD test procedures 301 B and 301 F. For choline and methoxy-choline ionic liquids ready biodegradability was observed within 5 or 10 d, respectively. Some of the compounds selected have a considerable potential to contribute to the development of more sustainable products and processes. |
| Keywords: | Green chemistry Hazard assessment Rational design Ionic liquids |
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